![]() Despite the effectiveness of these new measures, a third wave of contagion occurred toward the end of winter, so that most Italian regions underwent a third lockdown in March 2021. In Italy, in fact, the loosening of restrictions over the summer 2020 resulted in a second, larger wave of infections, to the point that another lockdown, though slightly less restrictive, was mandated in November 2020. Two Italian surveys, conducted longitudinally across the first and second pandemic lockdowns (spring and autumn 2020, respectively), show that the impoverishment of sleep quality persisted through the waves of contagion (Conte, Cellini, et al., 2021 Salfi, D'Atri, Tempesta, & Ferrara, 2021). Taken alongside results from surveys conducted worldwide, it appears that there has been a global decline in sleep quality (Huang & Zhao, 2020 Kokou-Kpolou, Megalakaki, Laimou, & Kousouri, 2020 Leone, Sigman, & Golombek, 2020 Stanton et al., 2020 Voitsidis et al., 2020). Over 40% of an Italian sample reported sleep disturbances (Gualano et al., 2020) and 18% met criteria for a diagnosis of clinical insomnia (Bacaro et al., 2020). Taken together with sleep data on previous phases of the pandemic, our findings show that the detrimental effects on sleep determined by the initial pandemic outbreak have not abated across the subsequent waves of contagion, and highlight the need for interventions addressing sleep health in global emergencies.Įarly evidence from the Covid-19 crisis has shown wide-ranging disruptions to personal schedules, psychological health and sleep throughout the world, with pooled data from international populations placing the prevalence of sleep problems at 35.7% (for a review, see Jahrami et al., 2021).ĭuring the first lockdown in Italy, individuals reported delayed sleep schedules, increased time in bed (TIB) and poorer sleep quality compared with before the lockdown (Casagrande, Favieri, Tambelli, & Forte, 2020 Cellini, Canale, Mioni, & Costa, 2020 Cellini et al., 2021 Gualano, Lo Moro, Voglino, Bert, & Siliquini, 2020). These data suggest that the relevant subjective sleep impairments reported during the first wave could have relied on subtle sleep disruptions that were undetected by the few objective sleep studies from the same period. Although objective sleep duration and architecture appeared in the normal range, the presence of disrupted sleep was indexed by a relevant degree of sleep fragmentation (number of awakenings ≥ 1 min: 12.7 ± 6.12 number of awakenings ≥ 5 min: 3.04 ± 1.52), paralleled by poor subjective sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index global score: 5.77 ± 2.58). it was subjected to strict restrictions, only slightly looser than those characterizing the first national lockdown (spring 2020). ![]() Actigraphic data (on 2 nights) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were collected from 82 participants (40 F, mean age: 32.5 ± 11.5 years) from 11 March to 18 April 2021, when Campania was classified as a “red zone”, i.e. To follow up on two Italian studies addressing subjective sleep features during the second wave (autumn 2020), here we assess sleep during the third wave (spring 2021) in a sample of healthy adults from Campania (Southern Italy). ![]() Studies on sleep during the Covid-19 pandemic have mostly been conducted during the first wave of contagion (spring 2020).
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